There are several major threats to biodiversity, including:

1. Habitat loss and fragmentation: One of the biggest threats to biodiversity is the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats due to human activities such as deforestation, agriculture, urbanization, and infrastructure development. As habitats shrink, species populations become isolated and are more vulnerable to extinction.

2. Climate change: The changing climate is altering ecosystems, affecting species distribution and migration patterns, disrupting food chains, and increasing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires.

3. Overexploitation and hunting: Many species are overexploited for their meat, skins, or other valuable products, leading to population declines and even extinction.

4. Invasive species: Non-native species can outcompete or prey upon native species, disrupting natural ecosystems and threatening biodiversity.

5. Pollution: Pollution can harm or kill species directly, as well as alter ecosystems and disrupt food chains. Chemicals such as pesticides, heavy metals, and plastics can accumulate in the food chain, harming wildlife and even humans.

6. Disease: The spread of diseases can have a devastating impact on wildlife populations, especially if they lack natural defenses or if the disease is new to the ecosystem.

These threats to biodiversity are often interconnected and exacerbate one another, making conservation efforts challenging. It is important to address these issues through comprehensive and collaborative approaches that involve conservationists, policymakers, and the public.